نشریه دانش کشاورزی و تولید پایدار
سال سی و چهارم شماره 3 (پاییز 1403)

Intercropping is an ecological way of sustainable agriculture used to increase land productivity and crops. Therefore, while considering the necessity of using sustainable agriculture systems and creating diversity in agriculture, this experiment was done with the aims of investigating of growth, yield performance in terms of quantity, and quality and resource utilization efficiency in wheat, soybean and corn intercropping system. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the Research Farm of Bu–Ali Sina University in the 2019–2020 growing season. Intercropping treatments included 4w:2s (4 rows wheat: 2 rows soybean), 4w:2s:1c (4 rows wheat: 2 rows soybean: 1 row corn), 4w:2s:2c, 6w:3s, 6w:3s:1c, 6w:3s:2c, along with sole plot of wheat, soybean and corn. Leaf area index, crop growth rate, grain yield, biological yield, grain quality, and nitrogen, water and land use efficiency, were evaluated. The effect of different planting patterns on leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), biological yield and grain yield of wheat, soybean and corn were significant. The highest amount for these properties was achieved from sole cropping of these crops. Nevertheless, the evaluation of intercropping indices showed that all the intercropping patterns had an advantage compared to sole cropping system. So that the highest LER (2.23) and the highest water use efficiency were achieved from 6w:3s:2c treatment. In general, 6w:3s:2c treatment can lead to the improvement of total grain yield and WUE as well as ecosystem sustainability and maximum land productivity.

This study was aimed to evaluate the grain yield of barley and faba bean in different planting patterns of intercropping under the condition of humic acid application in a low input cropping system.The experiment was carried out as a two-factor factorial baed on RCBD with three replications. The treatments were five planting patterns including two treatments of barley and faba bean sole croppings and three intercropping patterns and three foliar applications of humic acid Based on the obtained results, the highest number of grain per pod and pods per plant was obtained in the sole cropping of beans, which was not significantly different from the intercropping The highest grain yield and biological yield of faba beans were obtained in sole cropping .The lowest seed yield and biological yield of faba beans were obtained in the intercropping pattern with the lowest density of faba beans. By reducing the density of faba beans from 100% to 40% the grain and biological yield of faba beans decreased. The highest grain and biological yields of barley were also obtained in the sole cropping treatment respectively humic acid foliar application, faba bean yield increased and barley yield increased The land equivalent ratio for all three intercropping patterns was obtained more than one. The monetary advantage index was also positive for all three mixed cropping patterns.In total and based on the evaluation criteria, the best pattern was the intercropping of 80% of faba beans and 40% of barley

In order to decreasing the chemical fertilizer application in low-input and sustainable agricultural systems, a field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of different irrigation intervals along with separately and integrative application of chemical and biofertilizer on the quantity and quality of camelina (Camelina sativa L.).Material and methodsThe study was carried out as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 18 treatments and three replications at the Saqez city, Iran in 2022 growing season. The main factor was three irrigation intervals including without irrigation (rainfed conditions), irrigation after 10 and 20 days. Also, the sub-factor was different fertilizer sources including non-application (control), 100%chemical fertilizer, biofertilizer, biofertilizer+ 25% chmical fertilizer, biofertilizer+ 50% chemical fertilizer and biofertilizer+75% chemical fertilizer.ResultsThe results demonstrated that the highest (457.81 kg ha-1) and lowest (186.29 kg ha-1) seed yield of camelina was obtained in 10 days’ interval irrigation following integrative application of biofertilizer+ 75% chemical fertilizer and rianfed conditions without fertilization. The highest oil content (37.88%) and oil yield (173.65 kg ha-1) was observed in 10 days’ interval irrigation following integrative application of biofertilizer+ 75% chemical fertilizer. The chemical analysis showed that linolenic (30.59-34.58%), linoleic (16.92-19.29%), oleic (14.16-17.36%) and eicosenoic acid (8.93-11.76%) were the main fatty acids compounds of camelina oil. The maximum content of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids obtained in in 10 days’ interval irrigation following integrative application of biofertilizer+ 75% chemical fertilizer.

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of nutrition management and planting arrangement on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of two varieties of Virginia tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum L.).

The split factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a basic design of randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications in 2018-2019. The treatments included the use of N and K fertilizers, planting arrangement and two varieties of tobacco.

The results showed that TC100 variety had more leaf area plant, height and green yield than NC100 variety. Also, the plant height and the SPAD value were higher in the treatment of foliar fertilizer × two row cultivation. NC100 variety in single-row cultivation showed higher leaf nitrogen. Leaf nicotine in NC100 variety in both planting cultivation conditions was higher than TC100 variety in the same conditions. Leaf K and sugar contant in TC100 cultivar in two-row cultivation recorded a significant increase. The price of tobacco was affected only by the simple effect of the variety. A kilogram of TC100 leaves has higher price than NC100. The income of tobacco under the interaction of TC100 cultivar was higher than NC100 cultivar in both planting arrangement and fertilization treatments.

the results showed that the TC100 variety in two-row cultivation had higher green yield, income and quality characteristics than the NC100 variety. Among studied treatments, fertilization has not significantly affected the quality properties of tobacco leaves.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectivity of combination of some integrated weed management methods on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietimum L.) cv. Bivanij.The experiment was conducted as a factorial in completely randomized block design with 15 treatments each in four replications. The experimental factors included herbicide applications consisting of untreated herbicide, and pyridate; plant densities of 30, 40,and 50plants m-2; and cultivations including uncultivated and cultivated for once. In addition, three full-season handweedings each for corresponding plant density treatment was applied.The dry weight of weed biomass was decreased respectively 95 and 60%, 30 days after pyridate application and cultivation; while using combination of these two methods reduced them up to 99 percent. Pyridate application increased height and grain yield by 1.3 and 2.5 times, and cultivation increased pod number per plant and grain yield by 37and 31%, respectively. In pyridate treated of 30 plants m-2 treatment, the highest pods per plant, seeds number and weight per plant, and plant dry weight were respectively 2.7, 3.1, 3.9, and 2.6 times more than those of untreated pyridate treatments. Seed yield of chickpea with the combined application of pyridate and cultivation at the density of 50plants m-2 did not have significant differences with weed free treatments (all three densities of 30, 40 and 50plants m-2). Integrated application of pyridate and cultivation at the chickpea density of 50 plants m-2 can be beneficial to achieve the desired yield in dryland conditions, and, hence, is recommendable.

The planting pattern in three levels including a one- row with spacing of 70 cm, two- row with spacing of 70 cm and two- row with spacing of 140 cm as the main factor and plant density in three levels including 85000, 110000 and 135000 plants per hectare, along with the planting method in two levels, including direct seed cultivation and transplanting were considered as secondary factors. The highest yield of fresh forage with 75661 and 72359 kg.ha-1 belonged to the planting patterns of two- row with spacing of 70 and 140 cm, respectively. However, the highest values of protein yield (2694.78 kg.ha-1), ear to fresh forage weight ratio (33.53 %), as well as water use efficiency and economic water productivity (22.33 kg.m-3 and 10048.9 toman.m-3 of water) were belonged to the planting pattern of two- row with spacing of 140 cm. Among the different plant densities, the density of 110000 plants, despite the relatively lower values of fresh and dry forage compared to the density of 135000 plants, in terms of the qualitative values of the ear to fresh forage weight ratio and protein content (32.80 and 12.54 %, respectively) and protein yield (2789.86 kg.ha-1) was superior to the density of 135000 plants. The transplanting showed higher quantities of fresh and dry forage and protein yield (72160, 22066 and 2585 kg.ha-1, respectively) compared to direct seeding, also, it improved the amount of water use efficiency (WUE) and economic water productivity by 19.3 and 19.2 %, respectively.

Considering the increase in world population in recent years and the growing need of human societies, especially in our country, for oilseed products, proper agricultural management is very important to increase yield. The present study was conducted with the aim of the effect of different weed control methods on the growth traits and yield of safflower.

Methods & Materials:

 An experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted to investigate the effect of straw and stubble mulch, cover plants, and herbicides in the management of spring safflower weeds in Jihad Agriculture Kalibar Farm, located in East Azarbaijan Province. Evaluation of growth traits and safflower yield was measured during the growing season and after harvest.

Based on the results obtained from this study, weed control methods had no significant effect on the number of leaves and the number of secondary stems. Other investigated traits were significantly affected by weed control methods. Apart from weed control, the greatest increase in plant height (38.5%), number of leaves (32%), stem dry weight, shoot dry weight and harvest index was obtained in the treatment of trifluralin herbicide + straw mulch and wheat stubble.

The results of the study showed that the control of weeds in the safflower field in the early stages of growth is more effective than in the more advanced stages, and it can indicate the sensitivity of safflower to the competition of weeds in the early stages of safflower growth.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of biofertilizer application on the performance of barley common cultivars and new line in the Tabriz plain.

The experiment was conducted in the lands of Mamaghn County, East Azerbaijan Province. Experimental factors include: biofertilizer treatment and cultivars. Materials and Methods The interaction of cultivar and biofertilizer had a significant effect on barley grain yield. The highest seed yield was obtained with 5.9 tons per hectare in the new promising line and with Barvar 2 biofertilizer application.In the new promising line and Jolghe cultivar, with the use of Barvar 2 bifertilizer, an increase in grain yield was observed by 36.6% and 55.2%, respectively. Therefore, Barvar 2 fertilizer caused a significant increase in barley grain yield, especially the new promising line. The number of seeds and weight of 1000 seeds of new promising (yield components) showed a better response to the application of Barvar 2 biofertilizer. This new line had more leaf area index, chlorophyll content index and number of days to maturity compared to the other two cultivars, so it had more photosynthetic capacity to produce yield.

Using Barvar 2 biofertilizer in the new promised and improved lines increased the yield in the Tabriz plain, but it did not show an effect on the yield of the native cultivar, so the use of Barvar 2 biofertilizer for the new promising line can increase the yield of barley seeds.

This research was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of non-chemical methods including living mulch, straw mulch and hand weeding in integration with trifluralin on weed control and basil (Ocimum bacilicum L.) yield.

The experiment was conducted in Research Field of University of Tabriz in 2022 based on randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and three replications. Weed management treatments included weed-free treatment in entire growth season, weed-infested treatment in entire growth season, using the trifluralin herbicide (Treflan EC 48%) at 100% of the recommended dose (2.5 L ha-1), trifluralin herbicide at 50% of the recommended dose (1.25 L ha-1), trifluralin herbicide at 50% of the recommended dose in integration with bitter vetch living mulch, wheat straw mulch and one time hand weeding and using mentioned non-chemical treatments alone (without application of trifluralin).

The highest weed biomass reduction percentage was observed in trifluralin 50% + one time hand weeding (85%) that was not significantly different with those in one time hand weeding (83%), trifluralin 50% + wheat straw mulch (65%) and trifluralin 100%. The highest basil dry weight (260 g m-2) was obtained in trifluralin 50% + one time hand weeding.

Using weed management treatments including one time hand weeding and trifluralin 50% + wheat straw mulch could be introduced to the growers in line with reduction of herbicide application and sustainable production of basil

In order to investigate the interaction of smoke water, mycorrhiza fungus and rhizobium bacterium on the yield and yield components of chickpea, an experiment as split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out at the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, in 2019 cropping season. The main plots included the foliar application of smoke water (1 lit/ha) at vegetative and beginning of flowering and soil application of smoke water (2 and 4 lit/ha) along with no use of smoke water as control. The inoculations of micro-organisms (rhizobium, mycorrhiza, rhizobium+mycorrhiza and control) were as sub factors. The results showed that the effect of smoke water on the grain yield, biological yield, pods per plant, grains per plant and 100-grain weight were significant. The effects of biological agents on the grains yield, biological yield, 100-grain weight were significant. The smoke water spraying (1 lit/ha) in terms of grain yield (547.8 kg/ha), biological yield (2122.4 kg/ha), pods per plant (13.2), grains per plant (7.6), 100-grains weight (35.5 g) had the highest values. The use of rhizobium with mycorrhiza in terms of grain weight (35.7 grams), grain yield (503.6 kg/ha) and biological yield (1918.0 kg/ha) had the greatest average. In general, spraying of smoke water with 1 lit/ha at two stages along with inoculation of seeds with rhizobium and mycorrhiza can improve chickpea yield under rainfed condition.

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of salicylic acid priming and nanofertilizer application on the yield and some morphological characteristics of two chickpea cultivars in order to select the most appropriate treatment under rainfed conditions. This experiment was carried out as factorial-split in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks with three replications in two crop years 2015-2016 and 2015-2016 in Khorramabad, Lorestan. The variety factor includes Adel and Grit, and salicylic acid priming, including no priming and priming in the main plots, and nanofertilizer in four levels, including control and foliar spraying at the rate of one, two and three liters per hectare were placed in sub-plots. The results showed that in both the Adel and Greet, the highest number of seeds per plant, hundred seed weight, seed yield and harvest index were obtained from salicylic acid and nanofertilizer spraying depending on the amount of use. In both Adel and Great, the highest seed yield was produced by the application of salicylic acid with two liters per hectare of nanofertilizer (1840 and 1152 kg/hectare, respectively). The highest level of leaf greenness, seed protein and protein yield was also obtained from the application of salicylic acid with half to one liter per hectare of nanofertilizer. In general, the Adel cultivar with salicylic acid priming and spraying at least half a liter per hectare of nanofertilizer is recommended to improve the quantity and quality of chickpeas in dry conditions.

Investigating the stability and compatibility of a genotype in different environmental conditions in order to introduce it for planting in specific and known environmental conditions in multi-breeding programs is one of the basic needs and to achieve sustainable production in order to achieve sustainable self-sufficiency in It is necessary to produce strategic products, especially wheat.

Methods & Materials: 

In the present study, in order to investigate the stability and identify high-yielding and compatible genotypes, the yield of 32 lines of recombinant inbred from the crossing of two cultivars Roshan and Superhead in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in six The region (Tabriz, Ahar, Ardabil, Faghan, Shabestar and Urmia) were investigated for two years.

The results of the present study showed that there was a significant difference between the locations in terms of performance. Also, the difference between genotypes, as well as the interaction effect of genotype × year, genotype × location, and the interaction effect of genotype × year × location were significant, which indicated the difference between the performance of genotypes in different environments, which indicated the necessity of stability analysis.

According to the relative alignment of the results obtained from different methods, it can be stated that in this research, lines 10, 12, 31 and the Roshan variety were recognized as the most stable genotypes and line 51 as the most unstable line and It was recognized as special for unfavorable areas.

Field studies were carried out for two years at the research farm of the Faculty of ‎Agriculture‏ ‏and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Experiment was conducted as a split plot ‎factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included drought ‎stress at three levels [irrigation at 80% of field capacity (no stress), irrigation at 65% of field capacity (moderate ‎stress) and irrigation at 50% of field capacity (severe stress)]. Sub factor was combination of external ‎phytoprotectants application at five levels [Distilled water as control, Ascorbic acid (1 mM), Tocopherol (1 mM) ‎‎, Silicon (1 mM) and Zinc NPS (1 mM) and inoculation with phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria at two levels (with ‎and without inoculation)]. ‎The severe water limitation (50% field capacity) compared to non-stress conditions (irrigation at 80% ‎field capacity), led to a significant decrease in wheat yield and yield components. However, the application of ‎organic (ascorbic acid and tocopherol) and mineral (silicon and zinc NPS) phytoprotectants, as well as ‎inoculation with phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria were significant on Chl a, Chl b content and also, leaf area ‎index and increment of the effective compounds in plant tolerance under stress conditions such as carotenoieds, ‎prolin and slouble sugars. under the severe water limitation, ‎application of stress modulators increased grain yield 28, 18.2, 17.3 and 9.3% in compared to no application of ‎stress modulators at the same level of irrigation‎

This research was conducted in order to evaluate the reaction of different barley genotypes and to understand better the genotype × environment interaction effect in different areas of the country's cold climate, and to select stable genotypes.

Four barley genotypes, including Jalgah, Mehtab, Bahman, CB-96-10, along with four imported genotypes in five stations of Karaj, Zanjan, Jalgarokh, Ardabil, and Miandoab in the form of complete randomized block design with three replications in two consecutive years of evaluation became.

In Eberhart and Russell method, G1, G4, and G6 genotypes; in parametric methods G1, G4, G6, and to some extent G7 genotypes and; in nonparametric methods G1, G4, and G6 genotypes were identified as stable genotypes. According to the comparison of average performance, sustainability criteria and agricultural characteristics and general compatibility using AMMI analysis, G6, G1, and G7 genotypes were recognized as the most suitable and most compatible genotypes, respectively and can be considered as climate compatible cultivars in all cold regions of the country. Genotypes G2, and G3 are also considered varieties with private compatibility.

According to the results, G6, and G1 genotypes can be considered as the most compatible genotypes in all cold regions of the country, and G2, and G3 genotypes can also be considered as genotypes with high private compatibility in high potential regions.

Grain yield, physiological and phenological traits in seven generations of maize using the generations mean analysis method under controlled conditions and, moderate and severe water deficit stress were studied. Evaluation of the generations drived from a cross between two inbred lines of maize including B73 and MO17, SC704 (as F1 generation), F2, BC1, BC2 and F3 using a randomized complete block design with 20 replications was conducted during two crop years of 2018-2019 at the Agricultural Research Station of University of Tabriz. The results of combined analysis of variance and mean comparisons of data under three different irrigation regimes showed that water deficit stress significantly reduced grain yield and physiological traits, and a significant increase in phenological traits. Generation mean analysis showed a high contribution of non-additive gene effects in the genetic control of the studied traits. This indicated that the necessity of selection in advanced segregating generations and the production of hybrid varieties in maize to take advantage of the dominance variance. Also, the significant contribution of additive gene effects in controlling the inheritance of the number of days to silk emergence indicated that selection in early segregating generations and inbred parents can be effective for breeding of this trait and taking advantage of additive variance. Based on the studied traits, inbred line MO17 and hybrid SC704 compared to other studied lines showed high tolerance to water deficit stress (from 5-6 leaf stage to silk emergence) and had the grain yield stability.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate some traits such as leaf weight and leaf area, corm production, flower, and dry stigma yield of saffron at different drainage depths and distances and to provide a suitable method of annual cultivation of saffron corm in the plain and coastal areas of Sari.

In order to evaluate the effect of different drainage depths and distances on saffron, an experiment was conducted during the years 2021-2022. The treatments included drainage depths of 15, 30 and 45 cm in the main plots and drainage distances of 50, 100 and 150 cm in the subplots.

The highest number and weight of corm above 8 g (354.4 and 1571.4 g.m-2, respectively) was obtained in the treatment of 45 cm drain depth and 100 cm drain distance. According to the results, the highest number of flowers, flower weight and stigma dry weight were respectively 143.37 flower.m-2, 43.01 and 0.323 g.m-2 in the deepest drain, i.e. 45 cm deep and 100 cm drain distance, which no statistically significant difference was observed between the mentioned treatment and the treatment of 45 cm drain depth and 150 cm drain distance, as well as 30 cm drain depth and 100 cm drain distance treatment.

Considering the best yield of the field, among the treatments, the treatment of 30 cm drain depth and 100 cm drain distance can have the best effect on the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of saffron in this region.

The present study was conducted with aim of investigating the effect of nanosilicon on yield the performance and reducing the effect caused by water stress in Quinoa plant. The experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. The treatments included irrigation regimes in four rounds of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days and nanosilicon spraying at zero, 30 and 60 mg L-1 levels. Application of moderate moisture stress (irrigation cycle of 21 days) and severe (28 days) compared to no stress (7 days) caused a decrease of 5.93 and 24.65% in panicle length, 8.77 and 27.81% in panicle width, 5.14 and 29.44% in panicle number, 23.87 and 12.05% in total aerial organ weight, 24.73 and 54.95% in seed yield, 26.11 and 55.94% in the weight of one thousand seeds and 14.53 and 41.16% in the plant harvest index. The above moisture stresses caused a 125 and 78.84% increase in water consumption efficiency. Also, nanosilicon foliar has a significant effect on Quinoa plant growth, so that the maximum morphological growth, grain yield and water consumption efficiency observed in nanosilicon application with concentration 30 mg L-1 was. Nanosilicon spraying with 30 mg L-1 concentration reduces the negative effects of moisture stress in drought stress conditions (21 and 28 days) on the Quinoa plant.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the interaction of planting date, hydropriming of seeds and humic acid foliar application on the growth physiological indices and root yield of sugar beet.

The research was conducted as a split plot factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was planting dates (March 25, April 8 and 22, May 6) and hydropriming (primed and unprimed) and humic acid (water and humic acid spray) were factorially placed in sub-plots.

The effect of planting date, hydropriming and humic acid foliar were significant on the growth indices and root yield. Planting date had the greatest effect and the highest maximums of leaf area index and crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate and root yield were related to March 25th planting date and the lowest were obtained on May 6th planting date. On the last planting date, hydropriming alone caused an increase of 17.5% and 24.4% relative growth rate and tuber yield, respectively, compared to the treatment water spraying without hydropriming.

If both seed hydropriming and humic acid foliar spraying are done at the same time, it will increase plant growth indices and improve root yield. In case of a 6-week delay in planting (planting on May 6), separate application of hydropriming is preferable to spraying humic acid, and their combination use can completely compensate for the effects of a 2-week delay in planting.

The use of chemical fertilizers has created environmental problems. Therefore, the application of organic fertilizers can be considered a suitable solution to maintain soil fertility and increase fertilizer productivity.

To investigate the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on the growth and field performance of faba bean (Vicia faba L.), an experiment was conducted with a randomized Complete Block Design (RCB) with three replications in 2021 at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture at Tabriz University. In this experiment, the treatments included four different sources of fertilizers, including the application of nitrogenous chemical fertilizer in the form of urea (50 kg ha-1), leaf mould (5 tons ha-1), farmyard manure (8 tons ha-1), vermicompost (5 tons ha-1) and control.

The highest chlorophyll index, plant height, number of pods per plant, 100-grain weight, grain yield, and biomass were obtained from urea fertilizer application treatment which was not significantly superior to other treatments. in terms of leaf area index and the number of leaves per plant, the application of farmyard manure was significantly superior to other treatments.

In order to produce more biomass and grain yield in faba bean, two treatments of urea and farmyard manure were identified as the most favorable nutritional treatments. The application of farmyard manure at a rate of 8 tons ha-1, in addition improving crop production, can replace the application of nitrogenous chemical fertilizers.

Cultivating salt-tolerant species and inoculating them with beneficial soil microorganisms can be an effective solution to alleviate the salinity problems. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the physiological responses and nutrient uptake of the almond cultivar 'Supernova' grafted on GN15 rootstock when inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi at different salinity levels.

The current study followed a factorial design in the form of a randomized complete block design with two factors: (1) inoculation with fungi at two levels (non-inoculated and inoculated with Rhizophagus intraradices) and (2) salinity at three levels (0, 60 and 120 mM) with three replicates under greenhouse conditions.

The results showed that inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi improved growth indices, Fv/Fm and chlorophyll content under high salt stress. Inoculation with R. intraradices significantly reduced H2O2 and MDA content, while antioxidant capacity and proline content increased compared to non-inoculated plants under high salinity conditions. Inoculated plants showed significantly higher phosphorus and potassium content in the leaves at all salinity levels and in the roots at medium salinity compared to non-inoculated plants. Under salt stress, the sodium content of leaves in inoculated plants was significantly lower than in non-inoculated plants, while the opposite was observed for root sodium content.

The use of mycorrhizal fungi in combination with a tolerant rootstock can be an effective and environment-friendly approach to mprove the salt tolerance of almond trees. In this regard, it seems necessary to conduct more experiments with different almonds genotypes under garden conditions.

This study aimed to comprehensively assess the impact of various compounds applied through foliar spraying on the yield and structure of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) seeds under diverse irrigation conditions. The investigation was carried out in two distinct settings field and laboratory during the 2017-2018 agricultural season. The research took place at a farm in the province of West Azarbaijan, specifically in Naqhadeh city. Additionally, a research laboratory at the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, was utilized for specific experimental aspects. The field experiment employed a split-plot design, specifically a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation, the first aspect under examination, involved three levels: full irrigation, supplementary irrigation before flowering, and no irrigation. Foliar spraying treatments included salicylic acid, zinc, amino acid, and a control group treated with pure water. The study revealed that plants attained maximum height with full irrigation. Irrigation significantly influenced capital number, overall capital count, harvest index, stomata count, relative water content, weight of 1000 seeds, seedling longitudinal index, radicle length, shoot length, as well as the activity of catalase enzyme and superoxide dismutase. Both irrigation and foliar application independently affected these factors, and their interaction also played a significant role. The findings demonstrated that the combined use of foliar spraying and irrigation, as well as their interactive effect, resulted in a significant improvement in the examined characteristics compared to the control group.